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1.
West Indian med. j ; 68(2): 101-107, 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1341854

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: Pharmacists have not demonstrated the ability to manage chronic diseases such as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, which is an ongoing problem in Trinidad and Tobago. The primary objective was to demonstrate that pharmacists can assist patients to achieve at least a 1% decrease in glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Methods: A randomized, controlled Pharmacist Evaluative Research Study compared the efficacy of pharmacist-managed care (the intervention), and routine standard management (control) of poorly controlled (abnormal HbA1c, blood pressure, blood glucose and lipid panel) adult diabetic patients. Participants in the intervention group met with the pharmacist at their respective primary care sites on a regular basis for an assessment of adherence to medications, barriers to adherence and education. Control group participants consisted of patients receiving routine care by their primary physician but with no direct intervention by the pharmacist except for the filling of prescriptions. Results: Seventy-five patients were initially recruited. Of these, 48 (20 intervention and 28 control) met the inclusion criteria. It was only possible to analyse the result from 20 patients: 14 (70%) intervention and 6 (21.4%) control because of incomplete collected data. A minimum decrease of at least 1% HbA1c was obtained by 8 (57%) intervention participants compared to 2 (33%) in the control group; while HbA1c remained unchanged for two participants, each in the intervention and control groups (14% and 33%, respectively). Conclusion: We could not conclude any statistical or clinical significance in the paper as the data could only be analysed using descriptive methods. Building a culture of research among pharmacists may promote the use of pharmacists as adjunctive healthcare practitioners to achieve better patient outcomes.


RESUMEN Objetivo: Los farmacéuticos no han demostrado ser capaces de manejar el tratamiento de enfermedades crónicas como el tipo 2 Diabetes mellitus, que es un problema actual en Trinidad y Tobago. El objetivo principal fue demostrar que los farmacéuticos pueden ayudar a los pacientes a lograr al menos una disminución del 1% en hemoglobina (Hba1C). Métodos: Un Estudio de Investigación Evaluativa Farmacéutico controlado aleatorio, comparó la eficacia de la atención gestionada por los farmacéuticos (intervención) y el manejo estándar de rutina (control) de pacientes diabéticos adultos con pobre control (niveles anormales de hemoglobina glicosilada, presión arterial, glucosa en sangre, y perfil lipídico). Los participantes en el grupo de intervención se reunieron de manera regular con el farmacéutico en sus respectivos centros de atención primaria para evaluar el cumplimiento con los medicamentos, así como los obstáculos a la observancia y la educación. Los participantes del grupo de control eran pacientes que recibían atención de rutina de parte de su médico primario, pero sin intervención directa del farmacéutico, excepto para el llenado de prescripciones. Resultados: Setenta-cinco pacientes fueron reclutados inicialmente. De estos, 48 (20 de intervención y 28 de control) cumplían los criterios de inclusión. Debido a que los datos recopilados estaban incompletos, sólo fue posible analizar el resultado de 20 pacientes: 14 (70%) de intervención y 6 (21.4%) de control. Una disminución mínima de al menos 1% de HbA1C fue obtenida por 8 (57%) participantes de intervención en comparación con 2 (33%) en el grupo de control, mientras que el HbA1C permaneció inalterado para 2 participantes, cada uno en los grupos de intervención y control (14% y 33%, respectivamente). Conclusión: Los datos apoyan la hipótesis de que la gestión de los farmacéuticos como profesionales complementarios de la salud, posibilita lograr mejores resultados en los pacientes, a diferencia de lo que ocurre en ausencia de tal gestión.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Pharmacists , Glycated Hemoglobin/analysis , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Medication Therapy Management , Trinidad and Tobago , Blood Glucose , Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring , Chronic Disease/drug therapy , Longitudinal Studies , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
2.
West Indian med. j ; 57(2): 122-131, Mar. 2008. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-672319

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To describe mortality trends and potential years of life lost (PYLL) due to leading causes of death in 21 Caribbean countries during 1985, 1990, 1995 and 2000. METHODS: Mortality data for 1985, 1990, 1995 and 2000 were analyzed to identify regional mortality trends using crude, age-specific and age-adjusted death rates and potential years of life lost. The variables used were age, gender and underlying cause of death. RESULTS: During 1985-2000, there was an overall 5% decrease in age-adjusted mortality rates and male mortality exceeded female mortality. Heart disease was the leading cause of death, with cancers, cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disease also among the top five causes in most years. Prostate cancer and cancer of the uterus and breast were the leading causes of death due to cancers. HIV disease (AIDS) featured in the ten leading causes of death for the first time in 1995 and was the 5th leading cause in 2000. CONCLUSION: During the period 1985-2000, countries experienced an increase in mortality due to non-communicable diseases, AIDS and assaults (homicides); the latter two causes were most common among the 15-44 year age group. In 2000, AIDS, heart disease and assault (homicide) were the largest contributors to PYLL.


OBJETIVO: Describir las tendencias de la mortalidad y los años potenciales de vida perdidos (APVP) debido a las causas principales de muerte en 21 países caribeños durante 1985, 1990, 1995 y 2000. MÉTODOS: Se analizaron los datos de la mortalidad de los años 1985, 1990, 1995 y 2000, a fin de identificar tendencias de mortalidad regionales, usando tasas crudas de mortalidad ajustadas por edad y específicas por edad, así como años potenciales de vida perdidos. Las variables usadas fueron la edad, el género y la causa subyacente de muerte. RESULTADOS: Durante 1985-2000, hubo una disminución general de un 5% en las tasas de mortalidad ajustadas por edad y la mortalidad masculina excedió la mortalidad femenina. Las enfermedades cardíacas fueron la causa principal de muerte, hallándose junto a distintas formas de cáncer, las enfermedades cerebrovasculares, la diabetes mellitus, y la hipertensión, entre las cinco causas principales de muerte en la mayor parte de los años. El cáncer de próstata y el cáncer de útero y mamas, se encontraban entre las principales causas de muerte. El VIH (SIDA) se sumaba a la lista de las diez causas principales de muerte, por primera vez, en 1990, y fue la 5ta causa principal en el año 2000. CONLCUSIÓN: En el 2000, el SIDA, las enfermedades cardíacas y los asaltos (homicidios) fueron los principales contribuyentes de APVP.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Mortality/trends , Age Distribution , Cause of Death , Sex Distribution , West Indies/epidemiology
3.
West Indian med. j ; 56(2): 115-121, Mar. 2007. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-476420

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To determine the level of understanding of the issues of climate change (CC)/variability (CV) and public health by populations of St Kitts and Nevis (SKN) and Trinidad and Tobago (T&T) and to find whether respondents would be willing to incorporate these values into strategies for dengue fever (DF) prevention. DESIGN AND METHODS: Using a cluster sampling system, representative samples of the communities of SKN (227) and T&T (650) were surveyed for responses to a questionnaire document with questions on the impact of climate variability on health, the physical environment, respondents' willingness to utilize climate issues to predict and adapt to climate variability for DF prevention. Data were analyzed by Epi Info. RESULTS: Sixty-two per cent SKN and 55% T&T of respondents showed some understanding of the concept of climate change (CC) and distinguished this from climate variability (CV). With regard to causes of CC, 48% SKN and 50% T&T attributed CC to all of green houses gases, holes in the ozone layer burning of vegetation and vehicular exhaust gases. However some 39.3% SKN and 31% (T&T) did not answer this question. In response to ranking issues of life affected by CC/CV in both countries, respondents ranked them: health > water resources > agriculture > biodiversity > coastal degradation. The major health issues identified for SKN and T&T respondents were: food-borne diseases > water-borne diseases > heat stresses; vector-borne diseases were only ranked 4th and 5th for SKN and T&T respondents respectively. There was in both countries a significant proportion of respondents (p < 0.001) who reported wet season-related increase of DF cases as a CC/CV link. Respondents identified use of environmental sanitation (ES) at appropriate times as a method of choice of using CC/CV to prevent DF outbreaks. More than 82% in both countries saw the use of the CC/CV information for DF prevention by prediction and control as strategic but only 50-51...


OBJETIVO: Determinar los niveles de comprensión de los problemas del cambio climático (CC)/ variabilidad (CV) y salud pública por parte de las poblaciones de St Kitts y Nevis (SKN) y Trinidad y Tobago (T&T), y averiguar si los encuestados estarían dispuestos a incorporar estos valores en las estrategias para la previsión de la fiebre del dengue (FD). DISEÑO Y MÉTODOS: Usando un sistema de muestreo por conglomerados, muestras representativas de las comunidades de SKN (227) y de T&T (650) fueron encuestadas mediante un cuestionario en el que se les pedía responder preguntas sobre el impacto de la variabilidad del clima sobre la salud, el ambiente físico, y la disposición de los encuestados a aprovechar las cuestiones del clima para predecir y adaptarse a la variabilidad climática a fin de prevenir la FD. Los datos fueron analizados mediante Epi Info. RESULTADOS: Sesenta y dos por ciento de los encuestados de SKN y el 55% de los de T&T, mostraron cierta comprensión del concepto de cambio climático (CC) y fueron capaces de diferenciarlo de la variabilidad climática (CV). En relación con las causas del CC, el 48% (SKN) y el 50% (T&T) atribuyó el CC a los gases de efecto invernadero, los agujeros en la capa de ozono, la quema de la vegetación, y los gases de escape de vehículos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Dengue/prevention & control , Greenhouse Effect , Public Health/trends , Data Collection , Dengue/epidemiology , Demography , Social Marketing , Health Promotion , Surveys and Questionnaires , Saint Kitts and Nevis/epidemiology , Trinidad and Tobago/epidemiology
4.
West Indian med. j ; 46(4): 120-123, Dec. 1997.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-473435

ABSTRACT

A hybrid problem based learning (PBL) and traditional medical programme was started at the Trinidad campus of the University of the West Indies in 1989. Analyses were carried out to determine the extent to which the entrance qualifications of the students were related to their performances at the examinations in the Phase I (preclinical and paraclinical) and Phase II (clinical) programmes. Students who were admitted on the basis of their results in the secondary school General Certificate of Examination (GCE), 'A' level scored higher at the Phase I, but not at the Phase II, level than those who already had university education. Among the 'A' level students, there was positive correlation between the total 'A' level scores and the examination marks in the medical programme, particularly at the Phase I level. Furthermore, multiple regression analyses indicated that the grades in 'A' level Chemistry and, to a lesser extent in Biology, had the most influence on performances at the Phase I examinations, with much less influence on performances at the Phase II examinations. These results suggest that good grades at 'A' level examinations are significant factors, but not the only important ones, that favour high achievement in the initial stages of this type of PBL/traditional medical programme.


Subject(s)
Problem-Based Learning , Educational Measurement , Education, Medical, Undergraduate , Trinidad and Tobago
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